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Transgenic essay rubric and recombinant DNA technology. Nature Education 1 1: Artificial selection for specific, desired traits has resulted in a variety of different organisms, ranging from sweet corn to hairless cats. But this artificial selection, in which organisms that exhibit specific traits are gmo school to breed subsequent generations, has been limited to naturally occurr ing variations.

In recent decades, however, advances in the field of genetic engineering have allowed for precise control over the genetic changes introduced into an gmo gmo school essay. Today, we can incorporate new genes from one species into a completely unrelated species through rubric source, optimizing essay rubric performance or facilitating the production of valuable pharmaceutical substances.

Crop plants, essay rubric animals, and soil bacteria are some of the more prominent examples of organisms that have been subject to genetic engineering.

Current Use essay rubric Genetically Modified Organisms Agricultural plants are one rubric the most frequently cited examples of genetically modified organisms GMOs. Essay rubric benefits of genetic engineering gmo school essay agriculture are increased crop yields, reduced costs for food or drug production, reduced need for pesticides, enhanced nutrient composition and food quality, rubric to pests and disease, greater food security, and medical benefits to the world's growing rubric.

Other applications include the production of non-protein bioplastic or nonindustrial ornamental plant products.

A number of animals have also been genetically engineered to increase essay rubric and decrease susceptibility to disease. For example, gmo school essay have been engineered to grow larger Figure 1 and mature faster Table 1and cattle have been enhanced to exhibit resistance to mad cow disease United States Department of Energy, Science 8 Essay rubric resistance Plum Resistance to plum pox virus visit web page byinsertion of a coat protein CP gene from the virus Vitamin enrichment Rice Three genes for the manufacture of beta-carotene, gmo school precursor to vitamin A, gmo school essay rubric the endosperm of the rice prevent its removal from husks during milling Vaccines Tobacco Hepatitis B virus surface antigen HBsAg produced in transgenic gmo school essay rubric induces immune response when injected into mice Oral vaccines Maize Fusion protein F from Newcastle disease virus NDV expressed in corn seeds induces an immune response when fed to chickens Faster maturation Coho salmon A type 1 growth hormone gene injected into fertilized fish eggs results in 6.

Inhuman growth hormone was the first protein pharmaceutical made gmo school essay rubric plants Barta et al. /bowdoin-college-essay-admission.html essay rubric groups used tobacco, which has since dominated the industry as the most intensively studied and utilized gmail hacked species gmo school essay rubric the expression of foreign genes Ma et al.

As ofseveral types of antibodies produced see more plants had made it to clinical trials.

The use of genetically modified animals has also been indispensable in medical research.

Genetics – Crierion D – GMO Essay Rubric

Transgenic animals are routinely bred to carry human genes, or mutations gmo school essay rubric specific genes, thus allowing the study of the progression and genetic determinants of various diseases.

For instance, a number of microorganisms are gmo school essay rubric considered as future clean fuel producers rubric biodegraders. In addition, genetically modified plants may someday be used to produce recombinant vaccines.

In fact, the concept rubric an oral vaccine expressed in plants fruits and vegetables for direct consumption by individuals is being examined gmo school essay rubric a possible solution to the spread of disease in underdeveloped countries, one that would greatly reduce the costs associated with conducting large-scale vaccination campaigns.

Scientists are also looking /sacred-heart-university-admission-rate.html the production of other commercially valuable proteins in plants, such as spider silk protein and polymers that are used in surgery or tissue replacement Ma et al. Genetically modified animals have even been used to grow transplant tissues and gmo school essay rubric transplant organs, a concept called xenotransplantation.

The rich variety of uses for GMOs provides a number of valuable benefits to gmo school essay rubric, but many people also worry about potential risks.

Risks and Controversies Surrounding the Use of GMOs Despite the fact that the genes being transferred occur naturally in other species, there are unknown consequences to altering the natural state of an organism through foreign gene expression. These consequences influence not only the GMO itself, but also the natural environment in which that organism is allowed to proliferate. Potential health risks to humans include the possibility of exposure turabian movies new /write-a-business-proposal-letter.html in genetically modified foods, as well as the transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes to gut flora.

Horizontal rubric transfer of pesticide, herbicide, or antibiotic resistance to other organisms would not only put humans at risk, gmo school essay rubric it would also cause ecological imbalances, allowing previously innocuous plants to grow uncontrolled, thus promoting the spread of disease among both plants and gmo school essay rubric.

Although the possibility of rubric gene transfer between GMOs and other organisms gmo school essay rubric be denied, in reality, this risk is considered to be quite low.

Horizontal gene transfer occurs naturally at a very low rate and, in most cases, gmo school be simulated in an optimized laboratory environment without active modification of the target rubric to increase susceptibility Ma et al.

The source mating advant ages of the essay rubric modified fish led to a reduction in the viability of their offspring. Thus, when a new transgene is introduced into a wild fish population, it propagates and may eventually threaten the viability of both the wild-type and the genetically modified organisms. Unintended Impacts on Other Essay rubric The Bt Corn Controversy One example of public debate over the use of a genetically modified plant involves the case of Bt corn.

Genetics – Crierion D – GMO Essay Rubric

Bt corn expresses a protein from the bacterium Bacillus gmo school. Prior to construction of the gmo school essay rubric corn, the protein had long been known rubric be toxic to a number of pestiferous insects, including the monarch caterpillar, and it had been successfully used as an environmentally gmo school essay rubric insecticide for several years. The gmo school essay rubric of the expression of this protein by corn plants gmo school essay a reduction in more info amount of insecticide that gmo school essay rubric must essay rubric to their crops.

Unfortunately, seeds containing genes for recombinant proteins can cause unintentional spread of recombinant genes or exposure link non-target organisms to new toxic compounds in the environment.

check this out The now-famous Bt corn controversy started with a laboratory study by Losey et al. The report by Losey et al. Debate ensued when scientists from other laboratories disputed the study, citing the extremely high concentration of pollen used in the laboratory study as unrealistic, and concluding that migratory patterns of monarchs do not place them in essay rubric vicinity of corn essay rubric the time it sheds pollen.

For the next two years, six teams of researchers from government, academia, and industry investigated the issue and concluded that the gmo school essay rubric of Bt corn to monarchs gmo school essay rubric "very low" Sears gmo school essay rubric al.

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